Fitosteroli
Riferimenti bibliografici

AbuMweis, S. S.; Vanstone, C. A.; Ebine, N.; Kassis, A.; Ausman, L. M.; Jones, P. J. H.; Lichtenstein, A. H. Intake of a Single Morning Dose of Standard and Novel Plant Sterol Preparations for 4 Weeks Does Not Dramatically Affect Plasma Lipid Concentrations in Humans. Journal of Nutrition 2006, 136, 1012-1016.

Amundsen, A. L.; Ntanios, F.; Put, N. v. d.; Ose, L. Long-Term Compliance and Changes in Plasma Lipids, Plant Sterols and Carotenoids in Children and Parents With FH Consuming Plant Sterol Ester-Enriched Spread. Eur. J. Clin Nutr. 2004, 58, 1612-1620.

Amundsen, A. L.; Ose, L.; Nenseter, M. S.; Ntanios, F. Y. Plant Sterol Ester-Enriched Spread Lowers Plasma Total and LDL Cholesterol in Children With Familial Hypercholesterolemia. Am. J. Clin Nutr. 2002, 76, 338-344.

Ayesh, R.; Weststrate, J. A.; Drewitt, P. N.; Hepburn, P. A. Safety Evaluation of Phytosterol Esters. Part 5. Faecal Short-Chain Fatty Acid and Microflora Content, Faecal Bacterial Enzyme Activity and Serum Female Sex Hormones in Healthy Normolipidaemic Volunteers Consuming a Controlled Diet Either With or Without a Phytosterol Ester-Enriched Margarine. Food and Chemical Toxicology 1999, 37, 1127-1138.

Baker, V. A.; Hepburn, P. A.; Kennedy, S. J.; Jones, P. A.; Lea, L. J.; Sumpter, J. P.; Ashby, J. Safety Evaluation of Phytosterol Esters. Part 1. Assessment of Oestrogenicity Using a Combination of in Vivo and in Vitro Assays. Food and Chemical Toxicology 1999, 37, 13-22.

Chan, Y. M.; Varady, K. A.; Lin, Y. G.; Trautwein, E.; Mensink, R. P.; Plat, J.; Jones, P. J. H. Plasma Concentrations of Plant Sterols: Physiology and Relationship With Coronary Heart Disease. Nutrition Reviews 2006, 64, 385-402.

Cleghorn, C. L.; Skeaff, C. M.; Mann, J.; Chisholm, A. Plant Sterol-Enriched Spread Enhances the Cholesterol-Lowering Potential of a Fat-Reduced Diet. Eur. J. Clin Nutr. 2003, 57, 170-176.

Clifton, P. M.; Mano, M.; Duchateau, G. S.; van der Knaap, H. C.; Trautwein, E. A. Dose-Response Effects of Different Plant Sterol Sources in Fat Spreads on Serum Lipids and C-Reactive Protein and on the Kinetic Behavior of Serum Plant Sterols. Eur. J Clin. Nutr. 2007.

Colgan, H. A.; Floyd, S.; Noone, E. J.; Gibney, M. J.; Roche, H. M. Increased Intake of Fruit and Vegetables and a Low-Fat Diet, With and Without Low-Fat Plant Sterol-Enriched Spread Consumption: Effects on Plasma Lipoprotein and Carotenoid Metabolism. J. Hum. Nutr. Diet. 2004, 17, 561-569.

Davidson, M. H.; Maki, K. C.; Umporowicz, D. M.; Ingram, K. A.; Dicklin, M. R.; Schaefer, E.; Lane, R. W.; McNamara, J. R.; Ribaya-Mercado, J. D.; Perrone, G.; Robins, S. J.; Franke, W. C. Safety and Tolerability of Esterified Phytosterols Administered in Reduced-Fat Spread and Salad Dressing to Healthy Adult Men and Women. Journal of the American College of Nutrition 2001, 20, 307-319.

Doornbos, A. M.; Meynen, E. M.; Duchateau, G. S.; van der Knaap, H. C.; Trautwein, E. A. Intake Occasion Affects the Serum Cholesterol Lowering of a Plant Sterol-Enriched Single-Dose Yoghurt Drink in Mildly Hypercholesterolaemic Subjects. Eur. J Clin Nutr 2006, 60, 325-333.

Geelen, A.; Zock, P. L.; de Vries, J. H. M.; Katan, M. B. Apolipoprotein E Polymorphism and Serum Lipid Response to Plant Sterols in Humans. European Journal of Clinical Investigation 2002, 32, 738-742.

Gigleux, I.; Jenkins, D. J.; Kendall, C. W.; Marchie, A.; Faulkner, D. A.; Wong, J. M.; de Souza, R.; Emam, A.; Parker, T. L.; Trautwein, E. A.; Lapsley, K. G.; Connelly, P. W.; Lamarche, B. Comparison of a Dietary Portfolio Diet of Cholesterol-Lowering Foods and a Statin on LDL Particle Size Phenotype in Hypercholesterolaemic Participants. Br. J Nutr. 2007,  1-8.

Hendriks, H. F. J.; Brink, E. J.; Meijer, G. W.; Princen, H. M. G.; Ntanios, F. Y. Safety of Long-Term Consumption of Plant Sterol Esters-Enriched Spread. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition 2003, 57, 681-692.

Hendriks, H. F.; Weststrate, J. A.; van Vliet, T.; Meijer, G. W. Spreads Enriched With Three Different Levels of Vegetable Oil Sterols and the Degree of Cholesterol Lowering in Normocholesterolaemic and Mildly Hypercholesterolaemic Subjects. Eur. J. Clin Nutr. 1999, 53, 319-327.

Hepburn, P. A.; Horner, S. A.; Smith, M. Safety Evaluation of Phytosterol Esters. Part 2. Subchronic 90-Day Oral Toxicity Study on Phytosterol Esters-a Novel Functional Food. Food and Chemical Toxicology 1999, 37, 521-532.

Jakulj, L.; Trip, M. D.; Sudhop, T.; Von Bergmann, K.; Kastelein, J. J. P.; Vissers, M. N. Inhibition of Cholesterol Absorption by the Combination of Dietary Plant Sterols and Ezetimibe: Effects on Plasma Lipid Levels. Journal of Lipid Research 2005, 46, 2692-2698.

Jenkins, D. J. A.; Kendall, C. W. C.; Marchie, A.; Faulkner, D.; Vidgen, E.; Lapsley, K. G.; Trautwein, E. A.; Parker, T. L.; Josse, R. G.; Leiter, L. A.; Connelly, P. W. The Effect of Combining Plant Sterols, Soy Protein, Viscous Fibers, and Almonds in Treating Hypercholesterolemia. Metabolism-Clinical and Experimental 2003, 52, 1478-1483.

Jenkins, D. J.; Kendall, C. W.; Faulkner, D. A.; Kemp, T.; Marchie, A.; Nguyen, T. H.; Wong, J. M.; de Souza, R.; Emam, A.; Vidgen, E.; Trautwein, E. A.; Lapsley, K. G.; Josse, R. G.; Leiter, L. A.; Singer, W. Long-Term Effects of a Plant-Based Dietary Portfolio of Cholesterol-Lowering Foods on Blood Pressure. Eur. J Clin. Nutr. 2007.

Jenkins, D. J.; Kendall, C. W.; Faulkner, D. A.; Nguyen, T.; Kemp, T.; Marchie, A.; Wong, J. M.; de Souza, R.; Emam, A.; Vidgen, E.; Trautwein, E. A.; Lapsley, K. G.; Holmes, C.; Josse, R. G.; Leiter, L. A.; Connelly, P. W.; Singer, W. Assessment of the Longer-Term Effects of a Dietary Portfolio of Cholesterol-Lowering Foods in Hypercholesterolemia. Am J Clin Nutr. 2006, 83, 582-591.

Jenkins, D. J.; Kendall, C. W.; Faulkner, D.; Vidgen, E.; Trautwein, E. A.; Parker, T. L.; Marchie, A.; Koumbridis, G.; Lapsley, K. G.; Josse, R. G.; Leiter, L. A.; Connelly, P. W. A Dietary Portfolio Approach to Cholesterol Reduction: Combined Effects of Plant Sterols, Vegetable Proteins, and Viscous Fibers in Hypercholesterolemia. Metabolism 2002, 51, 1596-1604.

Jenkins, D. J.; Kendall, C. W.; Marchie, A.; Faulkner, D. A.; Wong, J. M.; de Souza, R.; Emam, A.; Parker, T. L.; Vidgen, E.; Lapsley, K. G.; Trautwein, E. A.; Josse, R. G.; Leiter, L. A.; Connelly, P. W. Effects of a Dietary Portfolio of Cholesterol-Lowering Foods Vs Lovastatin on Serum Lipids and C-Reactive Protein. JAMA 2003, 290, 502-510.

Jenkins, D. J.; Kendall, C. W.; Marchie, A.; Faulkner, D. A.; Wong, J. M.; de Souza, R.; Emam, A.; Parker, T. L.; Vidgen, E.; Trautwein, E. A.; Lapsley, K. G.; Josse, R. G.; Leiter, L. A.; Singer, W.; Connelly, P. W. Direct Comparison of a Dietary Portfolio of Cholesterol-Lowering Foods With a Statin in Hypercholesterolemic Participants. Am. J. Clin Nutr. 2005, 81, 380-387.

Jones, P. J.; Raeini-Sarjaz, M.; Ntanios, F. Y.; Vanstone, C. A.; Feng, J. Y.; Parsons, W. E. Modulation of Plasma Lipid Levels and Cholesterol Kinetics by Phytosterol Versus Phytostanol Esters. J. Lipid Res. 2000, 41, 697-705.

Jongh de, S.; Vissers, M. N.; Rol, P.; Bakker, H. D.; Kastelein, J. J. P.; Stroes, E. S. G. Plant Sterols Lower LDL Cholesterol Without Improving Endothelial Function in Prepubertal Children With Familial Hypercholesterolaemia. Journal of Inherited Metabolic Disease 2003, 26, 343-351.

Judd, J. T.; Baer, D. J.; Chen, S. C.; Clevidence, B. A.; Muesing, R. A.; Kramer, M.; Meijer, G. W. Plant Sterol Esters Lower Plasma Lipids and Most Carotenoids in Mildly Hypercholesterolemic Adults. Lipids 2002, 37, 33-42.

Katan, M. B.; Grundy, S. M.; Jones, P.; Law, M.; Miettinen, T.; Paoletti, R. Efficacy and Safety of Plant Stanols and Sterols in the Management of Blood Cholesterol Levels. Mayo Clinic Proceedings 2003, 78, 965-978.

Kozlowska-Wojciechowska, M.; Jastrzebska, M.; Naruszewicz, M.; Foltynska, A. Impact of Margarine Enriched With Plant Sterols on Blood Lipids, Platelet Function, and Fibrinogen Level in Young Men. Metabolism 2003, 52, 1373-1378.

Kratz, M.; Kannenberg, F.; Gramenz, E.; Berning, B.; Trautwein, E.; Assmann, G.; Rust, S. Similar Serum Plant Sterol Responses of Human Subjects Heterozygous for a Mutation Causing Sitosterolemia and Controls to Diets Enriched in Plant Sterols or Stanols. Eur. J Clin. Nutr. 2007, 61, 896-905.

Kwiterovich, P. O.; Chen, S. C.; Virgil, D. G.; Schweitzer, A.; Arnold, D. R.; Kratz, L. E. Response of Obligate Heterozygotes for Phytosterolemia to a Low-Fat Diet and to a Plant Sterol Ester Dietary Challenge. Journal of Lipid Research 2003,  44, 1143-1155.

Lamarche, B.; Desroches, S.; Jenkins, D. J.; Kendall, C. W.; Marchie, A.; Faulkner, D.; Vidgen, E.; Lapsley, K. G.; Trautwein, E. A.; Parker, T. L.; Josse, R. G.; Leiter, L. A.; Connelly, P. W. Combined Effects of a Dietary Portfolio of Plant Sterols, Vegetable Protein, Viscous Fibre and Almonds on LDL Particle Size. Br. J. Nutr. 2004, 92, 657-663.

Lea, L. J.; Hepburn, P. A. Safety Evaluation of Phytosterol-Esters. Part 9: Results of a European Post-Launch Monitoring Programme. Food and Chemical Toxicology 2006, 44, 1213-1222.

Lea, L. J.; Hepburn, P. A.; Wolfreys, A. M.; Baldrick, P. Safety Evaluation of Phytosterol Esters. Part 8. Lack of Genotoxicity and Subchronic Toxicity With Phytosterol Oxides. Food and Chemical Toxicology 2004, 42, 771-783.

Lee, Y. M.; Haastert, B.; Scherbaum, W.; Hauner, H. A Phytosterol-Enriched Spread Improves the Lipid Profile of Subjects With Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus - A Randomized Controlled Trial Under Free-Living Conditions. European Journal of Nutrition 2003, 42, 111-117.

Li, N. Y.; Li, K.; Qi, Z.; Demonty, I.; Gordon, M.; Francis, L.; Molhuizen, H. O.; Neal, B. C. Plant Sterol-Enriched Milk Tea Decreases Blood Cholesterol Concentrations in Chinese Adults: a Randomised Controlled Trial. Br. J Nutr. 2007,  1-6.

Lin, Y. G.; Meijer, G. W.; Vermeer, M. A.; Trautwein, E. A. Soy Protein Enhances the Cholesterol-Lowering Effect of Plant Sterol Esters in Cholesterol-Fed Hamsters. Journal of Nutrition 2004, 134, 143-148.

Lottenberg, A. M.; Nunes, V. S.; Nakandakare, E. R.; Neves, M.; Bernik, M.; Santos, J. E.; Quintao, E. C. [Food Phytosterol Ester Efficiency on the Plasma Lipid Reduction in Moderate Hypercholesterolemic Subjects]. Arq. Bras. Cardiol 2002, 79, 139-142.

Madsen, M. B.; Jensen, A. M.; Schmidt, E. B. The Effect of a Combination of Plant Sterol-Enriched Foods in Mildly Hypercholesterolemic Subjects. Clin. Nutr. 2007.

Maki, K. C.; Davidson, M. H.; Umporowicz, D. M.; Schaefer, E. J.; Dicklin, M. R.; Ingram, K. A.; Chen, S.; McNamara, J. R.; Gebhart, B. W.; Ribaya-Mercado, J. D.; Perrone, G.; Robins, S. J.; Franke, W. C. Lipid Responses to Plant-Sterol-Enriched Reduced-Fat Spreads Incorporated into a National Cholesterol Education Program Step I Diet. Am J Clin. Nutr. 2001, 74, 33-43.

Meijer, G. W. Blood-Cholesterol Lowering Plant Sterols: Types, Doses and Forms. Lipid Technology 1999, 11, 129-132.

Meijer, G. W.; Bressers, M. A. J. J.; de Groot, W. A.; Rudrum, M. Effect of Structure and Form on the Ability of Plant Sterols to Inhibit Cholesterol Absorption in Hamsters. Lipids 2003, 38, 713-721.

Mel'nikov, S. M.; ten Hoorn, J. W. M. S.; Bertrand, B. Can Cholesterol Absorption Be Reduced by Phytosterols and Phytostanols Via a Cocrystallization Mechanism? Chemistry and Physics of Lipids 2004, 127, 15-33.

Mel'nikov, S. M.; ten Hoorn, J. W. M. S.; Eijkelenboom, A. P. A. M. Effect of Phytosterols and Phytostanols on the Solubilization of Cholesterol by Dietary Mixed Micelles: an in Vitro Study. Chemistry and Physics of Lipids 2004, 127, 121-141.

Mussner, M. J.; Parhofer, K. G.; Von Bergmann, K.; Schwandt, P.; Broedl, U.; Otto, C. Effects of Phytosterol Ester-Enriched Margarine on Plasma Lipoproteins in Mild to Moderate Hypercholesterolemia Are Related to Basal Cholesterol and Fat Intake. Metabolism 2002, 51, 189-194.

Neil, H. A.; Meijer, G. W.; Roe, L. S. Randomised Controlled Trial of Use by Hypercholesterolaemic Patients of a Vegetable Oil Sterol-Enriched Fat Spread. Atherosclerosis 2001, 156, 329-337.

Nigon, F.; Serfaty-Lacrosniere, C.; Beucler, I.; Chauvois, D.; Neveu, C.; Giral, P.; Chapman, M. J.; Bruckert, E. Plant Sterol-Enriched Margarine Lowers Plasma LDL in Hyperlipidemic Subjects With Low Cholesterol Intake: Effect of Fibrate Treatment. Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine 2001, 39, 634-640.

Noakes, M.; Clifton, P. M.; Doornbos, A. M.; Trautwein, E. A. Plant Sterol Ester-Enriched Milk and Yoghurt Effectively Reduce Serum Cholesterol in Modestly Hypercholesterolemic Subjects. Eur. J. Nutr. 2005, 44, 214-222.

Noakes, M.; Clifton, P.; Ntanios, F.; Shrapnel, W.; Record, I.; McInerney, J. An Increase in Dietary Carotenoids When Consuming Plant Sterols or Stanols Is Effective in Maintaining Plasma Carotenoid Concentrations. Am J Clin Nutr 2002, 75, 79-86.

Normen, L.; Ellegard, L.; Janssen, H. G.; Steenbergen, H.; Trautwein, E.; Andersson, H. Phytosterol and Phytostanol Esters Are Effectively Hydrolysed in the Gut and Do Not Affect Fat Digestion in Ileostomy Subjects.  European Journal of Nutrition 2006, 45, 165-170.

Ntanios, F. Plant Sterol-Ester-Enriched Spreads As an Example of a New Functional Food. European Journal of Lipid Science and Technology 2001, 103, 102-106.

Ntanios, F. Y.; Duchateau, G. S. M. J. A Healthy Diet Rich in Carotenoids Is Effective in Maintaining Normal Blood Carotenoid Levels During the Daily Use of Plant Sterol-Enriched Spreads. International Journal for Vitamin and Nutrition Research 2002, 72, 32-39.

Ntanios, F. Y.; Homma, Y.; Ushiro, S. A Spread Enriched With Plant Sterol-Esters Lowers Blood Cholesterol and Lipoproteins Without Affecting Vitamins A and E in Normal and Hypercholesterolemic Japanese Men and Women. J Nutr 2002, 132, 3650-3655.

Ntanios, F. Y.; van de Kooij, A. J.; de Deckere, E. A. M.; Duchateau, G. S. M. J.; Trautwein, E. A. Effects of Various Amounts of Dietary Plant Sterol Esters on Plasma and Hepatic Sterol Concentration and Aortic Foam Cell Formation of Cholesterol-Fed Hamsters. Atherosclerosis 2003, 169, 41-50.

Ntanios, F.; Meijer, G.; Hepburn, P. Comments on the Review by Nguyen Et Al. (1999). Journal of Nutrition 2000, 130, 2390.

Plosch, T.; Kruit, J. K.; Bloks, V. W.; Huijkman, N. C. A.; Havinga, R.; Duchateau, G. S. M. J.; Lin, Y. G.; Kuipers, F. Reduction of Cholesterol Absorption by Dietary Plant Sterols and Stanols in Mice Is Independent of the Abcg5/8 Transporter. Journal of Nutrition 2006, 136, 2135-2140.

Raeini-Sarjaz, M.; Ntanios, F. Y.; Vanstone, C. A.; Jones, P. J. No Changes in Serum Fat-Soluble Vitamin and Carotenoid Concentrations With the Intake of Plant Sterol/Stanol Esters in the Context of a Controlled Diet. Metabolism 2002, 51, 652-656.

Sanders, D. J.; Minter, H. J.; Howes, D.; Hepburn, P. A. The Safety Evaluation of Phytosterol Esters. Part 6. The Comparative Absorption and Tissue Distribution of Phytosterols in the Rat. Food and Chemical Toxicology 2000, 38, 485-491.

Simons, L. A. Additive Effect of Plant Sterol-Ester Margarine and Cerivastatin in Lowering Low-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol in Primary Hypercholesterolemia. American Journal of Cardiology 2002, 90, 737-740.

Skeaff, C. M.; Thoma, C.; Mann, J.; Chisholm, A.; Williams, S.; Richmond, K. Isocaloric Substitution of Plant Sterol-Enriched Fat Spread for Carbohydrate-Rich Foods in a Low-Fat, Fibre-Rich Diet Decreases Plasma Low-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol and Increases High-Density Lipoprotein Concentrations. Nutrition Metabolism and Cardiovascular Diseases 2005, 15, 337-344.

Stalenhoef, A. F. H.; Hectors, M.; Demacker, P. N. M. Effect of Plant Sterol-Enriched Margarine on Plasma Lipids and Sterols in Subjects Heterozygous for Phytosterolaemia. Journal of Internal Medicine 2001, 249, 163-166.

Temme, E. H. M.; Van Hoydonck, P. G. A.; Schouten, E. G.; Kesteloot, H. Effects of a Plant Sterol-Enriched Spread on Serum Lipids and Lipoproteins in Mildly Hypercholesterolaemic Subjects. Acta Cardiologica 2002, 57, 111-115.

Trautwein, E. A.; Duchateau, G. S. M. J.; Lin, Y. G.; Mel'nikov, S. M.; Molhuizen, H. O. F.; Ntanios, F. Y. Proposed Mechanisms of Cholesterol-Lowering Action of Plant Sterols. European Journal of Lipid Science and Technology 2003, 105, 171-185.

Trautwein, E. A.; Ntanios, F. Y.; Meijer, G. W.; Weststrate, J. W. Cholesterolsenkung Durch Phytosterole - Wirkungsweise Und Wirksamkeit. In Lipoproteinmetabolismus Und Atheroskleroseprävention; Verlag Wissenschaftliche Scripten: Zwickau, 2002.

Trautwein, E. A.; Schulz, C.; Rieckhoff, D.; Kunath-Rau, A.; Erbersdobler, H. F.; de Groot, W. A.; Meijer, G. W. Effect of Esterified 4-Desmethylsterols and -Stanols or 4,4 '-Dimethylsterols on Cholesterol and Bile Acid Metabolism in Hamsters. British Journal of Nutrition 2002, 87, 227-237.

Unilever Bestfoods UK. Plant sterols: the 'pro.activ' way to a healthy heart. Cardiovascular Clinical Journal, 24-29. 2002.   European Union of General Practitioners.

Volpe R et al., Effects of yoghurt enriched with plant sterols on serum lipids in patients with moderate hypercholesterolemia. Br J Nutr 2001; 86(2): 233-239.

Waalkens-Berendsen, D. H.; Wolterbeek, A. P. M.; Wijnands, M. V. W.; Richold, M.; Hepburn, P. A. Safety Evaluation of Phytosterol Esters. Part 3. Two-Generation Reproduction Study in Rats With Phytosterol Esters - a Novel Functional Food. Food and Chemical Toxicology 1999, 37, 683-696.

Weststrate, J. A.; Ayesh, R.; Bauer-Plank, C.; Drewitt, P. N. Safety Evaluation of Phytosterol Esters. Part 4. Faecal Concentrations of Bile Acids and Neutral Sterols in Healthy Normolipidaemic Volunteers Consuming a Controlled Diet Either With or Without a Phytosterol Ester-Enriched Margarine.  Food and Chemical Toxicology 1999, 37, 1063-1071.

Weststrate, J. A.; Meijer, G. W. Plant Sterol-Enriched Margarines and Reduction of Plasma Total- and LDL-Cholesterol Concentrations in Normocholesterolaemic and Mildly Hypercholesterolaemic Subjects. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition 1998, 52, 334-343.

Wolfreys, A. M.; Hepburn, P. A. Safety Evaluation of Phytosterol Esters. Part 7. Assessment of Mutagenic Activity of Phytosterols, Phytosterol Esters and the Cholesterol Derivative, 4-Cholesten-3-One. Food and Chemical Toxicology 2002, 40, 461-470.